I don't have any experience with laptop diagnostic cards, but that would be my first recommendation if it were a desktop. Someone that knows of such a useful device for laptops can chime in hopefully.
Has the laptop had signs of strange behavior prior to this? Could be overheating, write error problems, any hiccups at all worth mentioning.
My approach is more of a shotgun method since not all symptoms are reported and not all symptoms reported lead to linear and logical solution paths. Stop at any point when you found the error causing the holdup. So to start, check the voltage of the power adapter using a multimeter and make sure it is very close to the specs written on the adapter. I would get a copy of Ubuntu and run the memtest86+ that it comes with. Let that make 5 full passes to see if the RAM clears testing. Get a copy of
Drive Fitness Test and perform an analysis of your hard drive. Then use the Ubuntu disk and fire up the "Live CD" feature to see if the OS loads. Look for errors that may post during bootup that could lead to helpful troubleshooting info. If Ubuntu loads successfully then the problem is probably with the loaded OS on the hard drive. In that case then I would suspect malware or a corrupt driver. Most likely it is malware in the case the OS is at fault.