Ah, forgot to add some important symptoms:
- Some Icons, especially files, on the desktop disappear at random, and come back at random.
- chkdsk did find and fix some filesystem corruption, which solved all problems temporarily. I was able to test run the computer for a complete day without any issues. However at next startup, all corruption and problems had come back as if no change had been made at all.
- The last day it had worked fine, when shutting off the system, all processes failed instead of closing properly.
- A few days before all the logical failures, I connected a backup drive to stock some data on. Right after that, the said backup drive stopped working. Cause: logical failure caused by a LOT of corrupted data on the drive.