OK, I've been going over my wires, and there are two things that I'm not sure about.
First:
For my SATA hard drive, I have the data cable plugged into SATA port 1 on the mobo, and my options are SATA 1,2,3, or 0
Second:
I have 1 stick of RAM, which is currently inserted into Slot A DIMM 1, and my options are Slot A DIMM 1, Slot A DIMM 0, Slot B DIMM 1, Slot B DIMM 0.
Also, because I had always just been looking in through the side window, I had never noticed that when I hit the power switch on the case, not only is the little light next to the 24-pin connector on the mobo lit up green, but a light on the front of the tower is lit green as well. The power switch seems to function relatively normally, in that when I press it, these two lights turn on, and when I hold it in for several seconds, the green light on the front of the cabinet turns off, while the green light on the mobo stays on. It appears that something is recognizing that the machine has been "turned on" even though nothing works.
I've gone over the wires several times, and everything seems to be in place. My graphics card, RAM, and heatsink are all securely inserted/attached. Other than the possibility of the RAM or SATA cable being in the wrong place, I don't know what else to look for.