In would seem that the System is not able to tell you what the exact problem is. That almost always means the something vital has been damaged, but the system can not identify it in a way most of us can understand. What I want to say is that the system does not give the right error message when it is damaged in a certain way.
At this point it is not clear if the problem was created by a hardware failure or something else. The safe thing to do is to not try to use the system in its present state to run diagnostics.
After years of bad experiences with PCs, I have learned this method when it is not clear how serious the problem is. First, set aside the Hard Disk Drive. Later the important data can be recovered safely. Next, try another drive, one that does not have important information on it. Do a full installation of the Operating System. If all goes well, that would indicate that the hardware is in good condition and the problem was caused by some software glitch. But, and this is important, if you can not do a neat, clean install of the Operating system, the hardware is not worth the trouble.
My personal experience has been that if you go for a quick fix you can have permanent data loss.
