um... a 64-bit OS can address 2^64 bytes of information... that's 18,446,744,073,709,551,616, 16 Exabytes.
However most 64-bit Operating systems limit this:
Windows XP x64 Edition can use up to and including 128GB of RAM.
Windows Vista depends on the edition:
Vista Home Basic x64 can use 8GB, Vista Home Premium x64 can use 16GB, and
Vista Business x64 and Ultimate x64 can use 128+ GB. (although it can be made to use more then 128GB that configuration is not supported by MS) (although you'd be hard pressed to find a motherboard that supports it, anyway....)
Windows 7 64-bit, varies much like Vista.
Home Basic: 8 GB
Home Premium: 16 GB
Professional,Ultimate, and Enterprise: 192 GB
Of course for the high-end these aren't really "limits" that will be hit any time soon, and right now are merely the maximum amount of supported RAM (the lower editions are a software limitation purposely enforced by the OS).