Many Linux distributions create this option when you install the operating system, allowing you to boot into a limited operation mode with root access. From there you can mount your other partitions and block devices, try to start a network, etc.
In general, you can install any bootable operating system on any partition of your attached storage devices. Just pick the one you want, install it to the partition, then create an entry for that partition in your bootloader.
However, what you want to do might not be worthwhile or necessary, or the functionality you're looking for might already be built into your operating system. I'm not sure, because you haven't described your system in any specific terms. I don't know what OS you're using, what computing architecture, etc.
If you have specific software you want to use, and it's not working for you, or you don't know how to do it, feel free to post it in this thread and I'm sure someone will chime in.